"The fate of man": analysis of the story. Sholokhov, the work "The Fate of Man". The fate of man, plot, history of creation, film adaptation On the verge of death

(Literary investigation)

The following are involved in the investigation:
Leader - librarian
Independent historian
Witnesses - literary heroes

Leading: 1956 31th of December story published in Pravda "Destiny of Man" . With this story, a new stage in the development of our military literature began. And here Sholokhov's fearlessness and Sholokhov's ability to show the era in all complexity and in all drama through the fate of one person played a role.

The main plot motif of the story is the fate of a simple Russian soldier Andrei Sokolov. His life of the age of the century is correlated with the biography of the country, with the most important events in history. In May 1942 he was taken prisoner. For two years he traveled "half of Germany", escaped from captivity. During the war he lost his entire family. After the war, having accidentally met an orphan boy, Andrey adopted him.

After The Fate of a Man, omissions about the tragic events of the war, about the bitterness of captivity experienced by many Soviet people, became impossible. Soldiers and officers who were very devoted to the Motherland, who fell into a hopeless situation at the front, were also captured, but they were often treated as traitors. Sholokhov's story, as it were, pulled off the veil from much that was hidden by the fear of offending the heroic portrait of Victory.

Let's go back to the years of the Great Patriotic War, to its most tragic period - 1942-1943. Word to an independent historian.

Historian: August 16, 1941 Stalin signed the order № 270 , which said:
“Commanders and political workers who surrender to the enemy during the battle should be considered malicious deserters, whose families are subject to arrest, as families who have violated the oath and betrayed their homeland”

The order demanded to destroy the prisoners by all "by means of both ground and air, and the families of surrendered Red Army soldiers to be deprived of state benefits and assistance"

In 1941 alone, according to German data, 3,800,000 Soviet servicemen were taken prisoner. By the spring of 1942, 1 million 100 thousand people remained alive.

In total, during the war years, out of approximately 6.3 million prisoners of war, about 4 million died.

Leading: The Great Patriotic War ended, victorious volleys died down, the peaceful life of the Soviet people began. How did the fate of people like Andrey Sokolov, who went through captivity or survived the occupation, develop in the future? How did our society treat such people?

Testifies in his book "My adult childhood".

(A girl testifies on behalf of L.M. Gurchenko).

Witness: Not only Kharkiv residents, but also residents of other cities began to return to Kharkov from evacuation. Everyone had to be provided with housing. Those who remained in the occupation were looked askance. They were first of all relocated from apartments and rooms on the floors to the basements. We were waiting for our turn.

In the classroom, the newcomers announced a boycott to those who remained under the Germans. I didn’t understand anything: if I had experienced so much, I saw so much terrible things, on the contrary, they should understand me, pity me ... I began to be afraid of people who looked at me with contempt and started following me: “shepherd dog”. Ah, if only they knew what a real German Shepherd is. If they saw how a shepherd dog leads people straight to the gas chamber... these people would not say so... When films and chronicles were shown on the screen, in which the horrors of the execution and massacre of the Germans in the occupied territories were shown, gradually this "disease" began to become a thing of the past .

Leading: ... 10 years have passed since the victorious 45th year, Sholokhov's war did not let go. He was working on a novel "They fought for their country" and story "Destiny of Man".

According to the literary critic V. Osipov, this story could not have been created at any other time. It began to be written when its author finally saw the light and understood: Stalin is not an icon for the people, Stalinism is Stalinism. As soon as the story came out - so much praise from almost every newspaper or magazine. Remarque and Hemingway responded - they sent telegrams. And to this day, not a single anthology of Soviet short stories can do without it.

Leading: You have read this story. Please share your impressions, what touched you in it, what left you indifferent?

(Answers guys)

Leading: There are two polar opinions about the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man": Alexandra Solzhenitsyn and a writer from Alma-Ata Veniamin Larin. Let's listen to them.

(The young man testifies on behalf of A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Solzhenitsyn A.I.: "The Fate of a Man" is a very weak story, where military pages are pale and unconvincing.

Firstly: the most non-criminal case of captivity was chosen - without memory, to make it indisputable, to bypass the entire acuteness of the problem. (And if he gave up in memory, as was the case with the majority - what and how then?)

Secondly: the main problem is presented not in the fact that the motherland left us, renounced, cursed (Sholokhov does not say a word about this), but this creates hopelessness, but in the fact that traitors were declared among us ...

Thirdly: a fantastically detective escape from captivity was composed with a bunch of exaggerations so that the obligatory, steady procedure for those who came from captivity did not arise: “SMERSH-check-filtration camp”.

Leading: SMERSH - what kind of organization is this? Word to an independent historian.

Historian: From the encyclopedia "The Great Patriotic War":
“By the Decree of the State Defense Committee of April 14, 1943, the Main Directorate of Counterintelligence “SMERSH” was formed - “Death to Spies”. The intelligence services of fascist Germany tried to launch extensive subversive activities against the USSR. They created over 130 reconnaissance and sabotage agencies and about 60 special reconnaissance and sabotage schools on the Soviet-German front. Subversive detachments and terrorists were thrown into the active Soviet Army. Bodies "SMERSH" conducted an active search for enemy agents in the areas of hostilities, in the locations of military facilities, ensured timely receipt of data on sending enemy spies and saboteurs. After the war, in May 1946, the SMERSH bodies were transformed into special departments and subordinated to the USSR Ministry of State Security.

Leading: And now the opinion of Veniamin Larin.

(Young man on behalf of V. Larin)

Larin V .: Sholokhov's story is praised only for one theme of a soldier's feat. But literary critics by such an interpretation kill - safely for themselves - the true meaning of the story. Sholokhov's truth is wider and does not end with a victory in the battle with the Nazi captivity machine. They pretend that the big story has no continuation: like a big state, big power belongs to a small person, albeit a great one in spirit. Sholokhov rips out a revelation from his heart: look, readers, how the authorities treat a person - slogans, slogans, and what, to hell, care for a person! Captivity mangled man. But he was there, in captivity, even shredded, remained faithful to his country, but did he return? Nobody needs! Orphan! And with the boy, two orphans… Grains of sand… And not only under a military hurricane. But Sholokhov is great - he was not tempted by a cheap turn of the topic: he did not begin to invest in his hero either pitiful pleas for sympathy, or curses against Stalin. He saw in his Sokolov the eternal essence of the Russian man - patience and fortitude.

Leading: Let's turn to the work of writers who write about captivity, and with their help we will recreate the atmosphere of the difficult war years.

(The hero of the story "The Road to the Father's House" by Konstantin Vorobyov testifies)

Partisan story: I was taken prisoner near Volokolamsk in the forty-first, and although sixteen years have passed since then, and I remained alive, and divorced my family, and all that, I can’t tell about how I spent the winter in captivity: I don’t have Russian words for this. No!

We fled from the camp together, and over time, a whole detachment gathered from us, former prisoners. Klimov ... restored military ranks to all of us. You see, you were, let's say, a sergeant before captivity, and you remained one. He was a soldier - be him to the end!

It used to be ... if you destroy an enemy truck with bombs, it seems that the soul in you immediately straightens up, and something rejoices there - now I am fighting not for myself alone, as in a camp! Let's defeat his bastard, we'll definitely finish it, and that's how you get to this place until victory, that is, stop!

And then, after the war, a questionnaire will be immediately required. And there will be one small question - was he in captivity? In place, this question is just for the answer with one word "yes" or "no".

And the one who will hand you this questionnaire does not care at all what you did during the war, but it is important where you were! Ah, in captivity? So ... Well, what does this mean - you yourself know. In life and in truth, such a situation should have been quite the opposite, but come on! ...

I will say briefly: exactly three months later we joined a large partisan detachment.

About how we acted until the very arrival of our army, I will tell another time. Yes, I think it doesn't matter. The important thing is that we not only turned out to be alive, but also entered the human system, that we again turned into fighters, and we remained Russian people in the camps.

Leading: Let's listen to the confessions of the partisan and Andrei Sokolov.

Partizan: You were, say, a sergeant before captivity - and stay with him. Was a soldier - be him to the end.

Andrey Sokolov : That's why you are a man, that's why you are a soldier, in order to endure everything, to demolish everything, if the need called for this.

For one and for the other, war is hard work that needs to be done in good faith, to give everything of oneself.

Leading: Major Pugachev testifies from the story V. Shalamova "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev"

Reader: Major Pugachev remembered the German camp from which he fled in 1944. The front was approaching the city. He worked as a truck driver inside a huge cleaning camp. He remembered how he had broken up the truck and knocked down the barbed, single-row wire, pulling out the hastily placed poles. Shots of sentries, screams, frantic driving around the city in different directions, an abandoned car, a road at night to the front line and a meeting - an interrogation in a special department. Charged with espionage, sentenced to twenty-five years in prison. Vlasov emissaries came, but he did not believe them until he himself got to the Red Army units. Everything that the Vlasovites said was true. He was not needed. The government was afraid of him.

Leading: After listening to the testimony of Major Pugachev, you involuntarily note: his story is direct - confirmation of the correctness of Larin:
“He was there, in captivity, even shredded, remained faithful to his country, but returned? .. Nobody needs it! Orphan!"

Sergeant Alexei Romanov testifies, a former school history teacher from Stalingrad, the real hero of the story Sergei Smirnov "The Way to the Motherland" from book "Heroes of the Great War".

(The reader testifies on behalf of A. Romanov)

Alexey Romanov: In the spring of 1942, I ended up in the international camp Feddel, on the outskirts of Hamburg. There, in the port of Hamburg, we were prisoners, we worked unloading ships. The thought of escaping never left me for a minute. With my friend Melnikov, they decided to run away, thought out an escape plan, frankly, a fantastic plan. Escape from the camp, sneak into the port, hide on a Swedish steamer and sail with it to one of the ports of Sweden. From there you can get to England with a British ship, and then with some caravan of allied ships come to Murmansk or Arkhangelsk. And then again pick up a machine gun or a machine gun and already at the front pay off the Nazis for everything that they had to endure in captivity over the years.

On December 25, 1943, we escaped. We were just lucky. Miraculously, they managed to cross over to the other side of the Elbe, to the port where the Swedish ship was moored. We climbed into the hold with coke, and in this iron coffin without water, without food, we sailed to our homeland, and for this we were ready for anything, even for death. I woke up a few days later in a Swedish prison hospital: it turned out that we were discovered by workers unloading coke. They called a doctor. Melnikov was already dead, but I survived. I began to seek to be sent to my homeland, I ended up with Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai. She helped in 1944 to return home.

Leading: Before we continue our conversation, a word to the historian. What do the figures tell us about the fate of former prisoners of war

Historian: From book "The Great Patriotic War. Figures and facts». Those who returned from captivity after the war (1 million 836 thousand people) were sent: more than 1 million people - for further service in the Red Army, 600 thousand - to work in industry as part of worker battalions, and 339 thousand ( including some of the civilians), as those who compromised themselves in captivity - to the NKVD camps.

Leading: War is the continent of cruelty. It is sometimes impossible to protect hearts from the madness of hatred, bitterness, fear in captivity, in a blockade. Man is literally brought to the gates of the Last Judgment. Sometimes it is more difficult to endure, to live life in a war, in an environment, than to endure death.

What is common in the destinies of our witnesses, what makes their souls related? Are Sholokhov's reproaches fair?

(Listen to the answers of the guys)

Perseverance, tenacity in the struggle for life, a spirit of courage, camaraderie - these qualities come from the tradition of a Suvorov soldier, they were sung by Lermontov in Borodino, Gogol in the story Taras Bulba, they were admired by Leo Tolstoy. Andrey Sokolov has all this, the partisan from Vorobyov's story, Major Pugachev, Alexei Romanov.

To remain a man in the war is not just to survive and "kill him" (ie, the enemy). It is to keep your heart for goodness. Sokolov went to the front as a man, and he remained the same after the war.

Reader: The story on the theme of the tragic fate of the prisoners is the first in Soviet literature. Written in 1955! So why is Sholokhov deprived of the literary and moral right to start the topic in this way and not otherwise?

Solzhenitsyn reproaches Sholokhov for not writing about those who "surrendered" into captivity, but about those who were "hit" or "captured." But he did not take into account that Sholokhov could not have done otherwise:

Brought up on the Cossack traditions. It was no coincidence that he defended the honor of Kornilov before Stalin by the example of escaping from captivity. And in fact, a person from ancient battle times, first of all, gives sympathy not to those who “surrendered”, but to those who “got-taken” prisoner due to irresistible hopelessness: injury, encirclement, disarmament, by betrayal of the commander or betrayal of the rulers;

He took upon himself the political courage to give up his authority in order to protect from political stigmatization those who were honest in the performance of military duty and male honor.

Maybe the Soviet reality is embellished? The last lines about the unfortunate Sokolov and Vanyushka began with Sholokhov like this: “I looked after them with heavy sadness ...”.

Maybe Sokolov's behavior in captivity is embellished? There are no such accusations.

Leading: Now it is easy to analyze the words and deeds of the author. Or maybe you should think: was it easy for him to live his own life? Was it easy for an artist who could not, did not have time to say everything he wanted, and, of course, could say. Subjectively, he could (there was enough talent, and courage, and material!), But objectively he could not (time, era, were such that it was not published, and therefore was not written ...) How often, how much our Russia has lost at all times: uncreated sculptures, unpainted paintings and books, who knows, perhaps the most talented... Great Russian artists were born at the wrong time - either early or late - objectionable rulers.

IN "Conversation with Father" MM. Sholokhov conveys the words of Mikhail Alexandrovich in response to the criticism of the reader, a former prisoner of war who survived the Stalinist camps:
“What do you think, I don’t know what happened in captivity or after it? What do I know, the extreme degrees of human baseness, cruelty, meanness? Or do you think that, knowing this, I’m being mean? ... How much skill is needed to tell people the truth ... "

Could Mikhail Alexandrovich keep silent about many things in his story? - Could! Time has taught him to be silent and keep silent: a smart reader will understand everything, guess everything.

Many years have passed since, at the behest of the writer, more and more readers meet with the heroes of this story. They think. Yearning. They cry. And they are surprised at how generous the human heart is, how inexhaustible kindness is in it, the indestructible need to protect and protect, even when, it would seem, there is nothing to think about.

Literature:

1. Biryukov F. G. Sholokhov: to help teachers, high school students. and applicants / F. G. Biryukov. - 2nd ed. - M. : Publishing House of Moscow University, 2000. - 111 p. - (Rereading the classics).

2. Zhukov, Ivan Ivanovich. Hand of fate: Truth and lies about M. Sholokhov and A. Fadeev. - M.: Gaz.-journal. ob-tion "Sunday", 1994. - 254, p., l. ill. : ill.

3. Osipov, Valentin Osipovich. The secret life of Mikhail Sholokhov...: a documentary chronicle without legends / V.O. Osipov. - M.: LIBEREY, 1995. - 415 p., L. p port.

4. Petelin, Viktor Vasilievich. Sholokhov's Life: A Tragedy in Rus. genius / Viktor Petelin. - M. : Tsentrpoligraf, 2002. - 893, p., l. ill. : portrait ; 21 see - (Immortal names).

5. Russian literature of the XX century: a manual for high school students, applicants and students / L. A. Iezuitova, S. A. Iezuitov [and others]; ed. T. N. Nagaitseva. - St. Petersburg. : Neva, 1998. - 416 p.

6. Chalmaev V. A. In the war to remain a man: Front pages of Russian prose of the 60-90s: to help teachers, high school students and applicants / V. A. Chalmaev. - 2nd ed. - M. : Publishing House of Moscow University, 2000. - 123 p. - (Rereading the classics).

7. Sholokhova S. M. Execution plan: On the history of an unwritten story /S. M. Sholokhovva // Peasant. - 1995. - No. 8. - Feb.

"The fate of man": how it was

Composition

The Russian people endured all the horrors of the war and, at the cost of personal losses, won the victory, the independence of their homeland. The best features of the Russian character, thanks to the strength of which the victory in the Great Patriotic War was won, M. Sholokhov embodied in the main character of the story - Andrei Sokolov. These are traits such as perseverance, patience, modesty, a sense of human dignity.

At the beginning of the story, the author calmly talks about the signs of the first post-war spring, as if preparing us for a meeting with the main character, Andrei Sokolov, whose eyes “seem to be sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable mortal longing.” Sholokhov's hero recalls the past with restraint, wearily; before confession, he "hunched over", put his big, dark hands on his knees. All this makes us feel how tragic the fate of this man.

Before us is the life of an ordinary person, the Russian soldier Andrei Sokolov. From childhood he learned how much "a pound is dashing", he fought in a civil war. A modest worker, the father of a family, he was happy in his own way. The war broke the life of this man, tore him away from home, from his family. Andrei Sokolov goes to the front. From the beginning of the war, in its very first months, he was twice wounded, shell-shocked. But the worst was waiting for the hero ahead - he falls into Nazi captivity.

The hero had to experience inhuman torment, hardship, torment. For two years Andrei Sokolov endured the horrors of fascist captivity. He tries to escape, but unsuccessfully, cracking down on a coward, a traitor who is ready, to save his own skin, to betray the commander. With great clarity, self-esteem, tremendous fortitude and endurance were revealed in the moral duel between Sokolov and the commandant of the concentration camp. The exhausted, exhausted, exhausted prisoner is ready to meet death with such courage and endurance that it amazes even a fascist who has lost his human appearance.

Andrei still manages to escape, and he again becomes a soldier. More than once death looked into his eyes, but he remained human to the end. And yet the most serious test fell on the lot of the hero when he returned home. Coming out of the war as a winner, Andrei Sokolov lost everything he had in life. In the place where the house built by his hands stood, a crater from a German air bomb was darkening ... All members of his family were killed. He says to his random interlocutor: “Sometimes you don’t sleep at night, you look into the darkness with empty eyes and think: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that?” There is no answer for me either in the dark or in the clear sun ... "

After everything that this man went through, it would seem that he should have become embittered, hardened. However, life could not break Andrei Sokolov, she hurt, but did not kill the living soul in him. The hero gives all the warmth of his soul to the orphan Vanyusha adopted by him, a boy with "eyes as bright as a sky." And the fact that he adopts Vanya confirms the moral strength of Andrei Sokolov, who, after so many losses, managed to start life anew. This person conquers grief, continues to live. “And I would like to think,” writes Sholokhov, “that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive, and one will grow up near his father’s shoulder, who, having matured, will be able to withstand everything, overcome everything in his path, if his Motherland calls him to this” .

Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man" is imbued with a deep, bright faith in man. Its title is symbolic: it is not just the fate of the soldier Andrei Sokolov, but the story of the fate of a Russian man, a simple soldier who endured all the hardships of the war.

The writer shows what a huge price the victory in the Great Patriotic War was won and who was the real hero of this war. The image of Andrei Sokolov instills in us a deep faith in the moral strength of the Russian people. In The Fate of a Man, Sholokhov reminds the reader of the disasters that the Great Patriotic War brought to the Russian people, of the stamina of a man who endured all the torment and did not break. Sholokhov's story is permeated with boundless faith in the spiritual strength of the Russian people.

The plot is based on vivid psychological episodes. Seeing off to the front, captivity, an attempt to escape, a second escape, news of the family. Such rich material would be enough for a whole novel, but Sholokhov managed to fit it into a short story.

Sholokhov based the plot on a real story told to the author in the first post-war year by a simple driver who had just returned from the war. There are two voices in the story: Andrey Sokolov, the main character, “leads”. The second voice is the voice of the author, listener, casual interlocutor.

Andrei Sokolov's voice in the story is a frank confession. He told a stranger about his whole life, threw out everything that he had kept in his soul for years. Surprisingly unmistakably found landscape background for the story of Andrei Sokolov. The junction of winter and spring. And it seems that only in such circumstances the story of the life of a Russian soldier could sound with breathtaking frankness of confession.

This man had a hard time in life. He goes to the front, is captured with inhuman conditions of existence. But he had a choice, he could secure a tolerable life for himself by agreeing to denounce his own comrades.

Once at work, Andrei Sokolov inadvertently spoke about the Germans. His statement cannot be called a remark thrown at the enemy, it was a cry from the heart: “Yes, one square meter of these stone slabs is a lot for the grave of each of us.”

A well-deserved reward was the opportunity to see the family. But, having arrived home, Andrei Sokolov learns that the era's family has died, and in the place where the native house stood is a deep pit overgrown with weeds. Andrei's son dies in the last days of the war, when the long-awaited victory was within easy reach.

The voice of the author helps us comprehend human life as a phenomenon of an entire era, to see in it the universal content and meaning. But in Sholokhov's story, another voice sounded - a sonorous, clear childish voice, which seemed not to know the full measure of all the troubles and misfortunes that fall to the human lot. Appearing at the beginning of the story so carefree-voiced, he then leaves, this boy, in order to become a direct participant in the final scenes, the protagonist of a high human tragedy.

All that remains in Sokolov's life are memories of his family and an endless road. But life cannot consist of only black stripes. The fate of Andrei Sokolov brought him together with a boy of six years old, as lonely as himself. Nobody needed the grimy boy Vanyatka. Only Andrei Sokolov took pity on the orphan, adopted Vanyusha, gave him all his unspent father's love.

It was a feat, a feat not only in the moral sense of the word, but also in the heroic one. In Andrei Sokolov's attitude to childhood, to Vanyusha, humanism won a great victory. He triumphed over the anti-humanity of fascism, over destruction and loss.

Sholokhov focuses the reader's attention not only on the episode of Sokolov's meeting with the orphan Vanya. The scene in the church is also very colorful. The Germans shot a man only because he asked to go outside so as not to desecrate God's temple. In the same church, Andrey Sokolov kills a man. Sokolov killed a coward who was ready to betray his commander.

Andrey Sokolov endured so much in his life, but he did not get angry at fate, at people, he remained a man with a good soul, a sensitive heart, capable of loving and compassion. Fortitude, tenacity in the struggle for life, the spirit of courage and camaraderie - these qualities not only remained unchanged in the character of Andrei Sokolov, but also multiplied. Sholokhov teaches humanism. This concept cannot be turned into a beautiful word. Indeed, even the most sophisticated critics, speaking on the topic of humanism in the story "The Fate of a Man", speak of a great moral feat. Joining the opinion of critics, I would like to add one thing: you need to be a real person in order to be able to endure all the grief, tears, separation, death of relatives, the pain of humiliation and insults and not become after that a beast with a predatory look and an eternally embittered soul, but remain human.
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The Great Patriotic War, even after many decades, remains the greatest blow to the whole world. What a tragedy this is for the fighting Soviet people, who lost the most people in this bloody duel! The lives of many (both military and civilians) were broken. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" truthfully depicts these sufferings, not of an individual, but of the entire people who stood up to defend their homeland.

The story "The Fate of a Man" is based on real events: M.A. Sholokhov met a man who told him his tragic biography. This story was almost a ready-made plot, but it did not immediately turn into a literary work. The writer hatched his idea for 10 years, but put it on paper in just a few days. And he dedicated it to E. Levitskaya, who helped him print the main novel of his life, Quiet Flows the Don.

The story was published in the Pravda newspaper on the eve of the new year, 1957. And soon it was read on the All-Union Radio, heard by the whole country. Listeners and readers were shocked by the power and veracity of this work, it gained well-deserved popularity. In literary terms, this book opened up a new way for writers to reveal the theme of war - through the fate of a little man.

Essence of the story

The author accidentally meets the main character Andrei Sokolov and his son Vanyushka. During the forced delay at the crossing, the men began to talk, and a casual acquaintance told the writer his story. Here is what he told him.

Before the war, Andrei lived like everyone else: wife, children, household, work. But then thunder struck, and the hero went to the front, where he served as a driver. One fateful day, Sokolov's car came under fire, he was shell-shocked. So he was taken prisoner.

A group of prisoners was brought to the church for an overnight stay, many incidents occurred that night: the execution of a believer who could not desecrate the church (they weren’t even released “before the wind”), and with him several people who accidentally fell under machine gun fire, help from doctor Sokolov and others wounded. Also, the main character had to strangle another prisoner, as he turned out to be a traitor and was going to betray the commissioner. Even during the next transfer to the concentration camp, Andrei tried to escape, but was caught by dogs, who stripped him of his last clothes and bit everything that “skin with meat flew to shreds.”

Then the concentration camp: inhuman work, almost starvation, beatings, humiliation - that's what Sokolov had to endure. “They need four cubic meters of output, and for the grave of each of us, even one cubic meter through the eyes is enough!” - Andrey said imprudently. And for this he appeared before the Lagerführer Müller. They wanted to shoot the main character, but he overcame fear, bravely drank three shots of schnapps for his death, for which he earned respect, a loaf of bread and a piece of lard.

Toward the end of hostilities, Sokolov was appointed as a driver. And, finally, there was an opportunity to escape, and even with the engineer, whom the hero drove. The joy of salvation did not have time to subside, grief arrived: he learned about the death of his family (a shell hit the house), and after all, all this time he lived only in the hope of meeting. Only one son survived. Anatoly also defended the Motherland, with Sokolov they simultaneously approached Berlin from different sides. But right on the day of victory they killed the last hope. Andrew was left all alone.

Subject

The main theme of the story is a man at war. These tragic events are an indicator of personal qualities: in extreme situations, those character traits that are usually hidden are revealed, it is clear who is who in reality. Andrei Sokolov before the war was no different, he was like everyone else. But in battle, having survived captivity, a constant danger to life, he showed himself. His truly heroic qualities were revealed: patriotism, courage, fortitude, will. On the other hand, the same prisoner as Sokolov, probably also no different in ordinary civilian life, was going to betray his commissar in order to curry favor with the enemy. Thus, the theme of moral choice is also reflected in the work.

Also M.A. Sholokhov touches on the theme of willpower. The war took away from the protagonist not only health and strength, but also the whole family. He has no home, how to continue to live, what to do next, how to find meaning? This question interested hundreds of thousands of people who experienced similar losses. And for Sokolov, taking care of the boy Vanyushka, who was also left without a home and family, became a new meaning. And for his sake, for the sake of the future of his country, you need to live on. Here is the disclosure of the theme of the search for the meaning of life - a real person finds it in love and hope for the future.

Issues

1. The problem of choice occupies an important place in the story. Every person faces a choice every day. But not everyone has to choose under pain of death, knowing that your fate depends on this decision. So, Andrei had to decide: to betray or remain true to the oath, to bend under the blows of the enemy or to fight. Sokolov was able to remain a worthy person and citizen, because he determined his priorities, guided by honor and morality, and not by the instinct of self-preservation, fear or meanness.
2. In the whole fate of the hero, in his life trials, the problem of defenselessness of the common man in the face of war is reflected. Little depends on him, circumstances pile on him, from which he tries to get out at least alive. And if Andrei could save himself, then his family could not. And he feels guilty about it, even though he isn't.
3. The problem of cowardice is realized in the work through minor characters. The image of a traitor who is ready to sacrifice the life of a fellow soldier for the sake of momentary gain becomes a counterbalance to the image of the brave and strong-willed Sokolov. And such people were in the war, says the author, but there were fewer of them, that's why we won.
4. The tragedy of war. Numerous losses were suffered not only by soldiers, but also by civilians who could not defend themselves in any way.

Characteristics of the main characters

1. Andrei Sokolov is an ordinary person, one of many who had to leave a peaceful existence in order to defend their homeland. He exchanges a simple and happy life for the dangers of war, not even imagining how to stay away. In extreme circumstances, he maintains spiritual nobility, shows willpower and stamina. Under the blows of fate, he managed not to break. And to find a new meaning of life, which betrays kindness and responsiveness in him, because he sheltered an orphan.
2. Vanyushka is a lonely boy who has to spend the night wherever he has to. His mother was killed during the evacuation, his father at the front. Ragged, dusty, in watermelon juice - this is how he appeared before Sokolov. And Andrei could not leave the child, introduced himself as his father, giving a chance for a further normal life for himself and him.

What was the point of the work?

One of the main ideas of the story is the need to take into account the lessons of the war. The example of Andrei Sokolov shows not what war can do to a person, but what it can do to all of humanity. Prisoners tortured by the concentration camp, orphaned children, destroyed families, scorched fields - this should never be repeated, and therefore should not be forgotten.

No less important is the idea that in any, even the most terrible situation, one must remain a man, not be like an animal, which, out of fear, acts only on the basis of instincts. Survival is the main thing for anyone, but if this is given at the cost of betraying oneself, one's comrades, the Motherland, then the surviving soldier is no longer a person, he is not worthy of this title. Sokolov did not betray his ideals, did not break down, although he went through something that is difficult for a modern reader to even imagine.

Genre

A story is a short literary genre that reveals one storyline and several characters. "The fate of man" refers specifically to him.

However, if you look closely at the composition of the work, you can clarify the general definition, because this is a story within a story. At the beginning, the author narrates, who, by the will of fate, met and talked with his character. Andrei Sokolov himself describes his difficult life, the first-person narrative allows readers to better feel the feelings of the hero and understand him. Author's remarks are introduced to characterize the hero from the outside ("eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes", "I did not see a single tear in his as if dead, extinct eyes ... only large, limply lowered hands trembled finely, chin trembled, firm lips trembled") and show how deeply this strong man suffers.

What values ​​does Sholokhov promote?

The main value for the author (and for readers) is the world. Peace between states, peace in society, peace in the human soul. The war destroyed the happy life of Andrei Sokolov, as well as many people. The echo of the war still does not subside, so its lessons must not be forgotten (although often in recent times this event has been overestimated for political purposes far from the ideals of humanism).

Also, the writer does not forget about the eternal values ​​of the individual: nobility, courage, will, desire to help. The time of knights, noble dignity has long passed, but true nobility does not depend on origin, it is in the soul, expressed in its ability for mercy and empathy, even if the world around is collapsing. This story is an excellent lesson in courage and morality for modern readers.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

M. Sholokhov wrote the story "The Fate of a Man" in an amazingly short time - just a few days. On the eve of the new year, 1957, the story "The Fate of a Man" was published in Pravda, which struck the world with its artistic power.

The story is based on a real fact. In 1946, while hunting, Sholokhov met a driver with his little adopted son near a steppe rivulet. And he told him a sad story about his life. The story of a casual acquaintance greatly captured the writer. Biographers testify: "Then the writer returned from hunting unusually excited and was still under the impression of meeting with an unknown driver and a boy." However, Sholokhov returned to the confession of his casual acquaintance only ten years later. Narrating the life of an individual, Sholokhov presented a typical character, wrote about the fate of the heroic, long-suffering people who went through the fire of the most cruel of wars.

Sokolov's biography reflected the history of the country - difficult and heroic. Struggle, labor, deprivation, dreams of the young republic were the vital university of millions of people of his generation. In a small-scale work, we see the life of a hero, which has absorbed the life of the Motherland. A modest worker, the father of the family lived and was happy in his own way. And suddenly the war ... Sokolov went to the front to defend his homeland. The war tore him away from his home, from his family, from work. And his whole life seemed to go downhill. All the troubles of military life fell upon the soldier: a difficult parting with his family when leaving for the front, injury, Nazi captivity, torture and bullying by the Nazis, the death of the family left behind, and finally, the tragic death of his beloved son Anatoly on the last day of the war - May 9th. “Why did you, life, cripple me like that? Why so distorted? - Sokolov asks himself and does not find an answer.

A terrible test for the hero is his loss, the loss of loved ones and shelter, complete loneliness. Andrei Sokolov emerged victorious from the war, returned peace to the world, and in the war he lost everything that he had in life “for himself”: family, love, happiness ... The ruthless and heartless fate did not leave the soldier even a haven on earth. In the place where his house, built by himself, stood, a huge crater from a German air bomb darkened.

Left alone in this world, Andrei Sokolov gives all the warmth that has been preserved in his heart to the orphan Vanyusha, replacing his father. He adopted Vanyusha, who lost his parents in the war, warmed and made happy the orphan soul, and that is why he began to gradually return to life. The little foster child whom he adopted becomes, as it were, a symbol of unfading humanity, which the war could not crush.

Analysis of the final story gives us a lot to understand the author's intention. Having finished his story about a difficult fate, Andrei Sokolov, taking his adopted son by the hand, sets off on a long journey, to the Kashar region, where he hopes to find a job. “The boy ran up to his father, settled down on the right and, holding on to the floor of his father’s padded jacket, trotted along next to the man who was walking with a wide stride.” The author's deep sympathy for the fate of Andrei Sokolov and Vanyushka sounds in the words: "Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented strength ... Is something waiting for them ahead? .."

The writer ends the story “The Fate of a Man” with the confidence that a new person will rise near the shoulder of Andrei Sokolov, ready to overcome any trials of fate, worthy of his father, his great people: “And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will survive and next to his father’s shoulder will grow one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to this.

At the end of the story, the voice of the author sounds. The narrator, shocked by the story of his interlocutor, reflects on his fate, thinks about the strength of man, about his capabilities, about his duty and right. With deep sympathy he relates to this stranger, but who has become close to him. When Vanyushka, after parting with Sholokhov, turned around and waved his pink hand goodbye, the writer's heart seemed to be squeezed by a "soft but clawed paw", and unbidden tears welled up in his eyes. These are tears of pity and compassion, tears of farewell and memory of a good person. No, it’s not only in a dream that elderly men who have turned gray during the war years cry. They are crying for real. The main thing here is to be able to turn away in time. The most important thing here is not to hurt the heart of the child, so that he does not see how a burning and stingy tear runs down your cheek ...

The writer's deep sympathy for the fate of a simple Russian person, a vivid story about him, resonated in the hearts of readers. Andrei Sokolov became a national hero. The greatness and inexhaustibility of life-giving force, endurance, spiritual humanity, insubordination, national pride and dignity of the Soviet person - this is what Sholokhov typified in the vulgar Russian character of Andrei Sokolov.

"The Fate of a Man" is a work that is exceptionally capacious in its content, in terms of the thoughts invested in it. The harsh truth of life is expressed in this story, dramatic in character and epic in sound. The national nature of Sholokhov's talent, the enormous power of his life-affirming art, the great humanism of the patriotic writer, faith in his people, in their future, were again revealed in him.

Time quickly pushes back into history important milestones in the life of countries and peoples. The last volleys have long since died down. Time ruthlessly takes the living witnesses of the heroic time into immortality. Books, films, memories return descendants to the past. The exciting work The Fate of Man, authored by Mikhail Sholokhov, takes us back to those difficult years.

In contact with

The title suggests what it will be about. The focus is on the fate of a person, the author spoke about it in such a way that it absorbed the fate of the whole country and its people.

The fate of man main characters:

• Andrey Sokolov;
• boy Vanyusha;
• the son of the protagonist - Anatoly;
• wife Irina;
• daughters of the protagonist - Nastya and Olyushka.

Andrey Sokolov

Meeting with Andrey Sokolov

The first post-war war turned out to be “assertive”, the Upper Don quickly melted, the paths were lucky. It was at this time that the narrator had to get to the village of Bukanovskaya. On the way, they crossed the flooded river Elanka, sailed for an hour in a dilapidated boat. While waiting for the second flight, he met his father and son, a boy of 5-6 years old. The author noted a deep longing in the eyes of a man, they are as if sprinkled with ashes. The careless clothes of his father suggested that he lives without female care, but the boy was dressed warmly and neatly. Everything became clear when the narrator learned a sad story new acquaintance.

The life of the protagonist before the war

The hero of Voronezh himself. At first, everything in life was normal. Born in 1900, passed, fought in the Kikvidze division. He survived the famine of 1922, working for the Kuban kulaks, but his parents and sister died of starvation that year in the Voronezh province.

All alone was left. Having sold the hut, he left for Voronezh, where started a family. He married an orphan, for him there was no one more beautiful and desirable than his Irina. Children were born, a son Anatoly and two daughters, Nastenka and Olyushka.

He worked as a carpenter, a factory worker, a locksmith, but really "lured" the car. Ten years flew by in labor and worries imperceptibly. The wife bought two goats, the wife and hostess Irina was excellent. Children are well-fed, shod, pleased with excellent study. Andrei earned well, they saved up some money. They built a house near the aircraft factory, which the protagonist later regretted. In another place, the house could have survived the bombing, and life could have turned out quite differently. Everything that was created over the years collapsed in an instant - the war began.

War

They called Andrey with a summons on the second day, they saw off the whole family to the war. Saying goodbye was hard. Wife Irina seemed to feel that they would not see each other again, day and night her eyes did not dry up from tears.

The formation took place in Ukraine, near the White Church. Dali ZIS-5, on it and went to the front. Andrei fought for less than a year. He was wounded twice, but he quickly returned to duty. He wrote home infrequently: there was no time, and there was nothing special to write about - they retreated on all fronts. Andrey condemned those "bitches in their pants who complain, seek sympathy, salivate, but they don’t want to understand that these unfortunate women and kids didn’t have a better time in the rear."

In May 1942, near Lozovenki, the main character fell into Nazi captivity. The day before, he volunteered to deliver shells to the gunners. The battery was less than a kilometer away when a long-range shell exploded near the car. He woke up, and the battle behind him was going on. It was not by choice that he was taken prisoner. German submachine gunners took off his boots, but did not shoot him, but drove Russian prisoners in a column to work in their Reich.

Once we spent the night in a church with a destroyed dome. A doctor was found, and he did his great work in captivity - he helped the wounded soldiers. One of the prisoners asked to go out in need. Holy faith in God does not allow a Christian to desecrate the temple, the Germans slashed at the door with machine gun fire, injuring three at once and killing a pilgrim. Fate also prepared a terrible test for Andrey - to kill a traitor from "his own". By chance, at night, he heard a conversation from which he realized that the big-faced guy was planning to hand over the platoon commander to the Germans. Andrei Sokolov cannot allow Judas Kryzhnev to save himself at the cost of betrayal and the death of his comrades. An event full of drama in the church shows the behavior of different people in inhuman circumstances.

Important! It is not easy for the protagonist to commit murder, but he sees salvation in the unity of people. In the story "The Fate of a Man" this episode is full of drama.

An unsuccessful escape from the Poznan camp, when graves for prisoners were being dug, almost cost Andrey Sokolov his life. When caught, beaten, poisoned by dogs, the skin with meat and clothes flew to shreds. They brought him to the camp naked, covered in blood. He spent a month in a punishment cell, miraculously survived. Two years of captivity traveled half of Germany: he worked at a silicate plant in Saxony, in a mine in the Ruhr region, in Bavaria, Thuringia. The prisoners were severely beaten and shot. Here they forgot their name, remembered the number, Sokolov was known as 331. They fed him half-and-half bread with sawdust, liquid soup from rutabaga. The list of inhuman tests in captivity does not end there.

Survive and endure Nazi captivity helped. The fortitude of the Russian soldier was appreciated by Lagerführer Müller. In the evening, in the barracks, Sokolov was indignant at the four cubic meters of production, bitterly joking at the same time that a cubic meter would be enough for the grave of each prisoner.

The next day, the commandant of the camp, Sokolov, was summoned by a denunciation of some scoundrel. The description of the duel between a Russian soldier and Muller is fascinating. Refusal to drink for the victory of German arms could cost Sokolov his life. Muller did not shoot, he said that he respects a worthy opponent. As a reward, he gave a loaf of bread and a piece of bacon, the captives divided the products with a harsh thread for everyone.

Sokolov did not leave the thought of escaping. He drove an engineer for the construction of defensive structures with the rank of major. In the front line managed to escape the captive driver, taking a stunned engineer with important documents. For this they promised to present to the award.

They sent him to the hospital for treatment, Andrey Sokolov immediately wrote a letter to Irina. Are relatives alive or not? I waited a long time for an answer from my wife, but received a letter from a neighbor, Ivan Timofeevich. During the bombing of the aircraft factory, nothing remained of the house. Son Tolik was in the city at that time, and Irina and her daughters died. A neighbor reported that Anatoly volunteered for the front.

On vacation I went to Voronezh, but I could not stay even an hour in the place where there was his family happiness and family hearth. He left for the station and returned to the division. Soon his son found him, received a letter from Anatoly and dreamed of meeting. The country was already preparing to celebrate the Victory when Andrei's son was killed Anatoly. A sniper shot him on the morning of May 9th. It is very tragic that the son of Andrei Sokolov lived to see the victory, but could not enjoy life in peacetime. The protagonist buried his son in a foreign land, and he himself was soon demobilized.

After the war

It was painful for him to return to his native Voronezh. Andrew remembered that friend invited to Uryupinsk. Came and began to work as a driver. Here fate brought two lonely people together. The boy Vanya is a gift of fate. A war-wounded man has hope for happiness.

Sholokhov's story ends with the fact that father and son go "in marching order" to Kashary, where a colleague will arrange his father in a carpentry artel, and then they will give out a driver's book. He lost his former document by an unfortunate accident. On a muddy road, the car skidded and he knocked the cow down. Everything worked out, the cow got up and went, but the book had to be laid out.

Important! Any true story or story about the fate of a person who miraculously survived in Nazi captivity is interesting. This story is special, it is about the Russian character unbroken by the war. The author with the utmost clarity expressed admiration for the feat, heroism and courage of ordinary people during the Second World War.

Features of Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man"

In the history of literature, it is rare for a short story to become a grand event. After the publication of the story "The Fate of a Man" in the first issue of the Pravda newspaper in 1957, the novelty attracted everyone's attention.

• In the story "The Fate of a Man" a convincing and reliable description of real events captivates. Mikhail Sholokhov heard the tragic story of a Russian soldier in 1946. Then ten long years of silence. The year of writing a short story "The Fate of a Man" is considered late 1956. The work was later filmed.
• Ring composition: the story "The Fate of a Man" begins with a chance meeting between the author and the main character. At the end of the conversation, the men say goodbye, go about their business. In the central part, Andrey Sokolov opened his soul to a new acquaintance. He heard the hero's story about pre-war life, years at the front, return to civilian life.