A fairly common mistake in the works of young authors is rearranging or replacing words in phraseological units, changing the grammatical meaning of one of the words or incorrect use, erroneous understanding of the meaning of phraseological units. That is why it was decided to write a detailed article on phraseology.
A phraseological unit, or phraseological unit, is a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (dictionary unit, word).
As follows from the definition, a phraseological unit is indivisible and unchangeable. It has its own lexical meaning and can be synonymous with one single word.
In general, a phraseological unit behaves in many ways the same way as a word. In particular, phraseological units can have multiple meanings. For example, the stable expression “put on your feet” has the following meanings:
1. cure, get rid of a disease;
2. raise, educate, bring to independence;
3. will force you to actively act, take an active part in something;
4. strengthen economically and materially.
Phraseologisms can be synonymous with each other (“with all the hassle” - the same as “headlong”), antonomous (“tirelessly” is the opposite in meaning to the expression “carelessly”). In a sentence, a phraseological unit acts as one specific member of the sentence.
The main difference between a phraseological unit and a word is its metaphorical nature. Unlike a word, the role of a phraseological unit is not only and not so much in naming a concept or action, but also in giving the statement an emotional coloring.
There are many different classifications of phraseological units according to different criteria. Below are the most common ones.
Phraseologisms are divided into phraseological units-sentences and phraseological units-word combinations.
Phraseologisms-sentences - are organized according to the model of a particular sentence, can be used independently or as part of other sentences. Example: reeling in fishing rods.
Phraseologisms - phrases - are structurally no different from ordinary phrases.
From the point of view of similarity with parts of speech, phraseological units are divided as follows:
1) verbal (performing the functions of a verb): reel in fishing rods;
2) substantive (performing the functions of a noun): a disservice;
3) adverbial (performing the functions of an adverb): to the marrow of the bones;
4) adjective (performing the functions of an adjective): on one’s mind;
5) interjections (performing the functions of interjections): this would have happened a long time ago!
6) allied (performing the functions of unions): no matter what.
Classification according to the degree of unity (dependence of the total meaning of an expression on the sum of the meanings of the words included in it).
Phraseological adhesions (idioms) - the meaning of an expression does not correlate in any way with the meaning of individual words. This fusion is due, firstly, to the presence of outdated words, the meaning of which is not clear to everyone (to be honest), secondly, to the presence of grammatical archaisms (careless), and thirdly, to the lack of a living connection between the components of phraseological fusion (anywhere).
Phraseological unity - the meaning of an expression is motivated by the meaning of its components. And the indivisibility of a phraseological unit arises as a result of the merging of the meaning of its constituent words into one generalized figurative meaning (the first pancake is lumpy). Such combinations allow for some deviation from the initial head start, the introduction of other words (put (your) teeth on the shelf).
A phraseological combination is a phrase in which there are words with both free and phraseologically related meanings. So, in the phraseological combination bosom friend, the word “friend” has a free meaning, and “bosom friend” has a phraseologically connected meaning.
From the point of view of origin, phraseological units are:
Originally Russian.
Borrowed words are established foreign language expressions used in our language without translation (post scriptum).
Tracing phraseological units are stable expressions formed by word-by-word translation from other languages (blue stocking in English).
Phraseological units are semi-calques - some words are translated into Russian, others are often borrowed without translation.
By studying and comparing phraseological units of different peoples with the same meaning, one can see the specific features of thinking and development of native peoples. The values and worldview of a particular people are reflected in established expressions. Phraseology; quite difficult material to study. When memorizing a phraseological unit, you need to remember its vocabulary, meaning, and you also need to imagine in what situations one or another phraseological unit can be used, understand the emotional component, shades of meaning. And they take it at school at a fairly young age, which further complicates the learning of the material. Perhaps because of this, adults have such difficulty in using phraseological units correctly.
And finally, a few examples of erroneously used established expressions:
“and his soul was relieved...” - it is correct to say it was relieved from the soul (from the heart);
“wiping the enemy to the ground” - two expressions are mixed here: “to grind into powder” and “to burn to the ground”;
“and she bared her snow-white, Hollywood teeth” - and this is one of the newest phraseological units: “Hollywood smile”;
“in life and without death there are at least a few problems” - the correct expression would be “more than enough”;
“beat me to the ground” - you can either simply “beat me” or “beat me to the ground”;
“having gathered courage” - again two expressions are fused: “having gathered courage” “having gathered courage;
“creaking with the heart” - based on the similar sound, many people add a certain creak to the phrase “reluctantly”, that is, “making it stronger.” Apparently also by analogy with the phrase “grinding your teeth.”
Evgenia Litvinenko
Philological sciences
Rapisheva Zhanat Dabylovna (PhD, Associate Professor)
Musina Aidana, Toktau Madina
(students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages)
Karaganda State University named after. E.A. Buketova, Kazakhstan
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF PHRASEOLOGISTS
IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The article is devoted to the history of the origin of phraseological units of the Russian language. The authors identified basicesourceAndRussian formations their phraseologszmov. The reasons for the original origin, as well as foreign language borrowing in the phraseological system of the Russian language, are analyzed and characterized sourcesreplenishmentphraseological units .
Keywords: phraseological unit, phraseological unit, stable combinations, phraseology, literary language.
Language is the most precious treasure of a people, the first means of its development and the guarantee of all spiritual successes, the main right to glory in posterity.As N.A. Nazarbayev said, “The lesson of civilization - to live with your own language» . This topic has become relevant in our time because among people in colloquial speech phraseological units are being used less and less every day. A person’s vocabulary should consist of numerous phrases, since we are the future generation of Kazakhstan, and the future is in our hands. People will respect us by the way we express ourselves and show our intelligence.
There are a lot of beautiful and stable phrases in the Russian language. As A said. Kuprin, “Language is the path of civilization and culture” . Therefore, we must equip ourselves with a vocabulary of words to show our culture and civilization.Phraseology(gr. phrases – expression + logos - doctrine) is a section of linguistics in which lexically indivisible combinations of words are studied, i.e. special phraseological units.
Phraseologism is the basic unit of the modern phraseological system, a complex, multidimensional, difficult unitisolated from the total number of words, and even more so phrases, and therefore difficult definable. In contrast to a word with its integral form and single stress, a phraseological unit is characterized by lexical and accentological separateness. The lexical meaning of each word is separate. It directly or indirectly names an object, phenomenon, quality.
Phraseological unit, or phraseological unit– This is a semantically constrained combination of words, which is reproduced in speech as something different from the point of view of semantic content and lexical and grammatical composition. Phraseological units serve in the language to name various phenomena of reality: "high flying bird" – celebrity ,blood with milk - flowering, headlong - fast[ 2, 58 ] .
A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic unity of phraseological units can vary over a fairly wide range: from the non-deducibility of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological combinations (idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combinations. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.
Different scientists interpret the concept of a phraseological unit and its properties in different ways, but the most consistently identified by various scientists properties of a phraseological unit are:
– reproducibility,
– sustainability,
– superverbalism (separately formulated),
– belonging to the nominative inventory of the language .
Origin of phraseological units
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Phraseologism |
Meaning |
Origin |
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Augean stables |
Unbearable dirt and desolation |
The origin of the turnover is associated with the ancient Greek legend about the sixth of the twelve labors of Hercules. The hero was able to clear the barnyard of King Augeas, where the horses given to Augeas by his father were kept. This yard hasn't been cleaned for years. Hercules destroyed the wall surrounding the courtyard on both sides and diverted the water of two deep rivers - Alpheus and Peneus - there. The water carried away all the manure in one day.
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Achilles' heel |
Weak spot |
Legend says that Achilles' mother, Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But while dipping, she held his heel, and she was unprotected. In one of the battles, Paris, Achilles' opponent, shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him.
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Without hind legs (to sleep) |
Very strong, unbreakable |
The expression arose from observations of animals: after work, the horse lies down and sleeps, completely relaxing its hind legs; if you try to lift her, she will stand on her front legs, and her hind legs will not obey her. Initially, the phrase meant “sleep without moving due to fatigue.”
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White crow |
An outcast, also not like other people. |
The phraseological unit arose due to the exceptional rarity of the appearance of crows with white feathers
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Lost hour |
A very long time |
The origin of the combination is purely Russian; it is associated with the appearance in the middle of the 15th century. first fighting hours. The beaten hour is initially the time from one stroke of the clock to the next |
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Throw your thumbs (disapproved) |
To sit back, to do trifling things, to wander idly; initially - to do a very simple, easy task. |
Baklusha is a blank for a wooden spoon, and knocking it out was considered a task for novice carpenters. |
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Big boss |
Someone important, significant, influential person (Big person) |
The expression goes back to the speech of barge haulers, in which the most experienced and strong barge hauler, walking first in the strap, was called a cone
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Pandemonium of Babel (book) |
disorderly crowd of people, turmoil, confusion |
The expression originated from the biblical myth of an attempt to build a tower in Babylon that was supposed to reach the sky. When the builders began their work, an angry God “confused” their languages, they stopped understanding each other and could not continue construction.
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Wolf in sheep's clothing |
About a hypocrite hiding his evil intentions under the mask of virtue |
The expression is taken from the Gospel text: “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves” (Matthew 7:15). |
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Money on a barrel |
Call to give money immediately |
It originally came from the pirate tradition of gambling by placing bets on a barrel so that anyone could keep track of them. |
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Hedgehog Gauntlets |
Strict supervision |
Hedgehog mittens (golitsy) - working leather mittens without lining and fur, they were intended for catching hedgehogs. Back in the 18th century, the expression “tough gloves” was recorded in the proverb: “Take a soft body with a tight grip.” |
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From the point of view of origin, phraseological units of the Russian language are divided intooriginally Russian and borrowed.
Sources of original Russian phraseological units. A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A striking example of phraseological units of this type can serve as phraseological units: expose (someone)- “to expose, solve a crime”; down in the mouth- “dull, sad person”; went through fire, water and copper pipes - “about an experienced, experienced person.” These phraseological units go back to the following custom of the ancient Slavs: people suspected of crimes were subjected to the test of fire and water; the named expressions about these tests have been preserved in the language.
A rich source of Russian phraseology is oral folk art. Phraseologisms came from folk tales: megillah- "endless repetition of the same thing" under Tsar Gorokh- "a long time ago", Lisa Patrikeevna- “a very cunning person” Koschei the Immortal- “a thin and scary person”, etc. From proverbs and sayings, phraseological units like grandma said in two- “uncertain answer”, from the proverb: Grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or it will snow, either it will or not; the wolf took pity on the mare- “about imaginary pity” (The wolf took pity on the mare and left the tail and mane ), from the proverb: without a king in my head- “not a serious person”(Your mind is the king in your head ) .
The professional speech of artisans is also the most important source of Russian phraseology. Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: phraseological units originate from carpenters without a hitch without a hitch- “smooth” clumsy work- "rough work" cut like a nut- “to scold strongly”; from shoemakers two of a Kind- "the same", made for one block- “identical, similar”; from hunters and fishermen reel in fishing rods- “to leave hastily” cast a fishing rod- “carefully find out sth.”, cover your tracks- “to hide something”; from musicians play first fiddle – “to excel”; from sailors drop anchor- “settle down” with full sails- "fast, run aground- “get into an extremely difficult situation.”
Various details of Russian life are reflected in Russian phraseology, for example: brew porridge- “to start a troublesome business”, slurping unsalted- “not receiving what was expected” not horse feed- “about something that is not good for someone”; Phraseologisms came from Russian games: play hide and seek- “to hide”play spillikins - "doing trifles" dance in circles- "to be friends" throw- “to win.”
A known number of stable combinations goes back to literary sources. For example: spin like a squirrel in a wheel(“to be in constant trouble”) goes back to I. Krylov’s fable “Squirrel”.
Sources of borrowed phraseological units. Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations that came into the Russian language from other languages. Two groups of borrowed phraseological units can be distinguished: borrowings from Slavic languages and borrowings from non-Slavic languages.
The first group includes phraseological units that came into the Russian language from the Old Church Slavonic language. Most often they are expressions taken from biblical and evangelical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: by the sweat of his brow- “to work very hard” the Forbidden fruit- “about something tempting but forbidden” promised land- “abundant and happy land”, stumbling block- “interference, difficulty”, cornerstone (of)- “the main idea of something”, holy of holies- “the most dear, cherished” daily bread- “what is necessary for existence.”
A significant group consists of phraseological units borrowed or copied from other languages, among them phraseological units that have become international. This is primarily an expression from ancient Greek mythology: Achilles' heel- “the most vulnerable place”, Gordian knot- "a confusing set of circumstances" sword of Damocles– "about the ever-threatening danger" draconian laws– “cruel laws”, etc.
A significant group consists of phraseological units that came from Western European languages and literature: storm in a teacup- "excitement over trifles"Princess on the Pea - “pampered, spoiled person” fail- "fail", out of place- "in a bad mood", after us there might be a flood– “if only we felt good” (not approving), etc.
A large number of borrowed phraseological units in the Russian language are phraseological calques, that is, foreign language expressions that are translated word by word, although some of them are used without translation: from Latin -terraincognita, almamater; from Italian -finitalacommediaetc. By literal translation of a foreign language expression, phraseological units arose from the English language: time is money, blue stocking, flying saucer; from German– straw widow, so that's where the dog is buried ; from French– honeymoon, black market, idea fix and etc.
Over time, as a result of changes occurring in the language, in its phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, as well as as a result of the processes of analogy, folk etymology, both the form and internal content of a phraseological unit may change. For example: phraseology on you, God, what is not good for us it is said when one is freed from unnecessary things; arose from on you, heavens, that it’s not good for us, in which the word "heavenly" means “beggar, poor man, wretched,” but not “god.”
Changes in phraseology Oh may concern semantics and structure. So, phraseology how to give something to drink- “for sure” in the 19th century. had the meaning “quickly, easily”; phraseological unit Good riddance– “a wish to go anywhere” used to mean “a smooth road, like a tablecloth, like a table, a wish for a safe journey” [ 4, 124 ].
Nowadays, phraseological units are in wide use, but not everyone knows their history of origin and occurrence. Each language has its own phrase, its own harmony.The nature of the country and the history of the people, reflected in the human soul, were expressed in words. The man disappeared, but the word he created remainedimmortaland the inexhaustible treasury of the folk language; so every word of the language, every form of it is the result of human thought and feeling, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people are reflected in the word.
IN The entire history of the spiritual life of the people is reflected in the depths of the folk language. That is why the best and even the only way to penetrate into the character of a people is to master the peculiarities of their language. One of these features is phraseological unitsand phraseological unitswhich were the subjectour research.
Literature:
1. Kuprin A. Collected works in 9 volumes.– M. : Book Club “Knigovek” (Literary supplement"Ogonyok"), 2010.
2. Vinogradov V.V. About word forms. – M., 1944
3. Lexicology of the modern Russian literary language. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Terekhova; Ed. L.Yu. Maksimova. – M.: Education, 1989.
4. Shansky I.M. Lexicology and phraseology of the modern Russian language. – M., 1957.
Wherever a man’s feet take him. They tirelessly deliver their owners to a wide variety of places, but sometimes they give way and can barely carry them. And the legs are friendly, short and wide. All these characteristics of the legs are taken from phraseological units. Below are examples of such phraseological units and explanations for them.
There is no truth in my feet
An invitation to sit down.
Sit down, Amalia Pavlovna, there is no truth in your feet.
Not even a kick
Not understanding something, not understanding the essence.
Why did he disassemble the device? He's no stranger to electronics.
With all my might
Run somewhere very quickly.
Zinoviev ran as fast as he could after the departing train.
Feet to hands
Get down to business immediately.
Put your feet in your hands and move forward—buyers won’t wait.
My legs gave way
About a condition when a person cannot support his legs due to strong excitement.
Seeing the honors diploma in the hands of the dean, Petrov felt that his legs gave way.
The legs carry themselves
About a person who goes, not knowing where, without choosing a specific goal.
His legs carried him to the entrance of their own accord.
I can barely move my legs
About a condition when a person has difficulty moving.
Gavril Petrovich has become very old, his legs can barely carry him.
Can't feel your feet under you
Feeling of weakness in the legs with severe mental shock.
Unable to feel his legs under him, he rushed towards the administration.
The devil will break his leg
About strong disorder in some place or in affairs.
You can’t go into his garage - the devil will break his leg there.
Without hind legs (to sleep)
That is, sleep very soundly.
He slept without his hind legs, and it seemed as if the stars themselves were singing a gentle lullaby to him.
Get off on the wrong foot
Wake up in a bad mood.
Sidorchuk got up on the wrong foot - this was noticeable from his knitted eyebrows.
Cut the rug out from under your feet
To interfere with a person in some matter, to deprive him of confidence.
Why did he do this, why did he pull the rug out from under his feet? Who felt better about this?
Stretch your legs
A rude comment about a person who passed away.
Like a dog's fifth leg
About an object that is absolutely unnecessary, superfluous in a given situation.
Savelyev needs this box like a dog needs his fifth leg.
Get knocked off your feet
Feeling very tired while doing something or looking for something.
He was overwhelmed, choosing a house that would accommodate the whole family.
Bind hand and foot
Limit a person's actions.
Klimov will not help us - he himself is tied hand and foot.
So that your feet are not here
A categorical requirement that a person never appear in a specified place.
“Don’t let your foot be here,” the cleaning lady said to the strange man in a rumpled hat.
Wipe your feet (on someone)
Humiliate a person, mock him, treat a person with disrespect.
He simply wiped his feet on it.
Stand up on feet
1. Improve your health, recover from illness.
2. Improve your financial situation.
The family had a positive attitude towards buying a house. It was felt that Semenov generally got back to his feet.
Stand firm on your feet
Be independent, don't need support.
Despite financial problems, Leonid stood firmly on his feet.
On a friendly footing
To be on friendly terms with someone.
Sakharov was on friendly terms with the hotel workers.
On foot
That is, standing.
I'm glad you've recovered and are already on your feet.
On a grand scale
Living richly without taking into account expenses. Initially, the expression sounded like “Living big” and was associated with a medieval tradition that existed in Western Europe. According to this tradition, the length of the shoe depended on the nobility of the person and, accordingly, the degree of his well-being.
The newcomers lived in grand style; it was clear that they did not think about saving.
Spinning under your feet
Disturb someone with your presence while being nearby.
Semyon was always underfoot, and everyone knew that this was not without reason.
With arms and legs
This is what they say about a very sought-after person.
What kind of remuneration do specialists want that employers are willing to rip off?
On a short leg
To be in a close, friendly relationship with someone.
Vasily was on friendly terms with the instructors.
Putting your foot down
Create artificial obstacles to another person in any matter.
He didn't want him to advance and put his foot down.
Attach legs (to something)
That is, to steal something.
They added legs to the fan, and now the room was stuffy.
From head to toes
The whole thing.
He covered him with mud from head to toe.
The foot didn't step
About remote places where no one has ever been.
Everything here is in its original form, it is noticeable that no human has ever set foot here.
The phraseology here is only “at full speed”, it is combined with all verbs of fast movement: run, rush, rush, rush, rush, stretch, etc.
Many linguists believe that it was borrowed from French. tongue in the form of tracing paper: a toutes jambes. Originally about horses, the phrase arose as a result of observations of the gaits of horses.
Others argue that this is an East Slavic phraseological unit, because. the expression exists in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages and their dialects.
The phraseology “run as fast as you can” (run) is widely represented in fairy tales: the fool ran there as fast as he could; the bear rushed as fast as he could; the little devil ... waved as fast as he could from behind the stove; (the wolves) began to run as fast as they could without looking back; the bear began to run as fast as he could; the fool... runs as fast as he can; the girl rushes as fast as she can; The hare started running as fast as he could. There are two examples showing the ways of further development of the PU and, thus, indicating a sufficient period of its existence: He ate one berry - suddenly he hit him with all his might on the damp ground, and he became a stallion; She (the cat) rushed there with all four legs.
We find similar examples in fiction, but here they are probably of a dialect nature: ... Sasha caught up with him, pushed him in the back, and the boy fell as fast as he could (A. Pushkin. Dubrovsky); If I accelerated after that hare, the horse slipped, ran as fast as he could and did not raise his head (M. Sholokhov. Quiet Don).
In the 18th century, this phraseological unit was noted with the meaning “very hard (to hit, fall).” M. F. Palevskaya points out that “the phraseological unit began to develop the meaning strongly, but it was never assigned to this phraseological unit.”
V.I. Dal interprets the lexeme “stretch” as “fall as fast as you can,” i.e., the phrase that interests us. N.P. Makarov in his famous dictionary translates the phrase “to fall as fast as you can” into French as tomberdesonhaut, i.e. "stretch to your full height." The phraseological unit under consideration confirms the general tendency of this kind of phrases to move from the concrete to the abstract, from the figurative to the ugly.
Zakharenko’s phraseological dictionary gives a cultural commentary: “phraseology goes back to the most ancient forms of awareness of the world and correlates with the somatic (bodily) code of culture. This metaphor reflects a stereotypical idea (created due to the component of all) about the maximum degree of manifestation of the characteristic inherent in the described action - in in this case, about the speed and swiftness of movement (cf. also look with all eyes, a jack of all trades, etc.). In general, phraseology plays the role of a standard, i.e., a measure of the speed of a person’s action when moving in space. In other European languages have similar figurative expressions; for example, in English - as smb."s legs will carry him, in French. - à toutes jambes.
Thus, the structure of the fusion “at full speed” does sometimes look strange (he fell at full speed), but if you keep in mind that this is a tracing paper and originally related to horses, then everything is fine.
Introduction
Phraseologism, or phraseological unit - a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (dictionary unit).
A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic unity of phraseological units can vary over a fairly wide range: from the non-deducibility of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological combinations (idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combinations.
Phraseologisms have existed throughout the history of language. Since the end of the 18th century, they have been explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, “utterances”, that is, phrases and expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.
Until the 40s of the 20th century, in the works of domestic linguists A.A. Potebney, I.I. Sreznevsky, F.F. Fortunatova, A.A. Shakhmatov and others, only individual thoughts and observations regarding phraseology could be found.
The creation of a basis for the study of stable combinations of words in the modern Russian literary language belongs to academician V.V. Vinogradov. It was they who first gave a classification of phraseological units of the Russian language from the point of view of their semantic unity and outlined ways for their further study. The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of Vinogradov. Currently, phraseology continues its development. Until now, there is no complete unity among phraseologists in the definition of phraseological units in modern linguistics. Some researchers (A.I. Efremov, S.I. Ozhegov) consider it advisable to distinguish between the concept of phraseology in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In a narrow sense, they include only idioms (stable combinations, the meanings of which are not determined by the meanings of the words included in them) as phraseology. In a broad sense, phraseology includes all set expressions, including proverbs, sayings and “catchwords”. According to linguist N.M. Shansky, who understands phraseology in a broad sense, phraseological phraseology is presented as “a linguistic unit reproduced in finished form, consisting of two or more stressed components of a verbal nature, fixed, that is, constant in its meaning, composition and structure.”
Phraseologisms have a lexical meaning and are characterized by lexical indivisibility. They mean a concept, phenomenon, quality, state, sign, therefore phraseological units are often synonymous with the words: at every step - everywhere, bite your tongue - shut up, the right hand is an assistant.
Phraseologisms can be ambiguous . Example: put on your feet:
- 1. cure, get rid of a disease.
- 2. raise, educate, bring to independence.
- 3. will force you to actively act, take an active part in something.
- 4. strengthen economically and materially.
Phraseologisms are by their nature synonymous (with all their might - at full speed - headlong) and antonymous (by the sweat of their brow - carelessly). In a sentence, phraseological units perform a syntactic function, acting as one specific member of the sentence: I live at my fingertips (adverbial location).
Phraseologisms differ in active (out of the blue - suddenly, after an hour, a teaspoon - slowly) and passive (both old and young - everyone) use.
Among phraseological units, phraseological units stand out - neologisms (a start to life, people's control). Phraseologisms can be national, professional (get into the role, spick and span) and dialectal (without slurping, without skimping).
An important feature of phraseological units is metaphoricality and imagery. Phraseologism is born in a language not to name objects, signs, actions, but to characterize them figuratively and emotionally. Phraseologisms are formed as a result of metaphorical transfer and rethinking of the meanings of free phrases. For example, the phraseological unit “reel in fishing rods” in the meaning of hastily leaving, leaving somewhere appeared in the language based on the metaphorical transfer of the free phrase reel in fishing rods in the meaning of collecting fishing gear when leaving fishing.
The importance of the imagery of phraseological units lies in the fact that it is this feature that underlies all their other expressive qualities: emotionality, evaluativeness, expressiveness. The emotionality of phraseology is the ability of a phraseological unit not only to name an object, a phenomenon, but also to express a certain feeling of the speaker or writer (a stringless balalaika is a very talkative person, an idle talker). The evaluative quality of phraseological units is a quality derived from their emotional meaning. From the point of view of evaluation, phraseological units can be divided into two groups: phraseological units with a positive assessment and phraseological units with a negative assessment. The first group includes phraseological units with the emotionality of approval (blood and milk); respectful respect (lay down your head); admiration (ruler of thoughts). The second group includes phraseological units with the emotionality of irony (carrying water with a sieve); neglect (clerical rat).
Expressiveness - this is the intensity of the manifestation of an action or sign (of the purest water - the most real, true, authentic).
From the point of view of expressive and stylistic properties, phraseological units are divided into inter-style, colloquial and bookish. Interstyle phraseological units- these are stable combinations of words, known and used in all styles of language (keep your word, with all your heart). Conversational phraseological units- these are stable combinations of words predominantly or exclusively used in oral speech (bend your back, poke your nose).
Book phraseological units- these are stable combinations of words, predominantly or exclusively used in written speech (wipe off the face of the earth, in the blink of an eye). According to their structure, phraseological units are divided into two groups: phraseological units - sentences and phraseological units - phrases. phraseological unit turnover semantic stylistic
Phraseologisms - sentences are structurally organized according to the model of one or another sentence, usually two-part, can have a communicative meaning, be used independently or as part of another sentence: the hands do not reach, the tongue becomes confused.
Phraseologisms - phrases are nominative in nature. They are structurally no different from free combinations and represent the following structural models:
- 1. noun with an adjective (ordinal pronoun): Indian summer, first steps;
- 2. a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the genitive case: servant of the people, flowers of life;
- 3. a noun in the nominative case with a prepositional case form of the noun: knee-deep sea, head on shoulders;
- 4. prepositional case form of a noun with a noun in the genitive case: by the sweat of your brow, in the order of things;
- 5. combination of prepositional-case forms of nouns: from minute to minute, eye to eye;
- 6. prepositional-case form of a noun with an adjective: with a tight rein, from the good heart;
- 7. verb with a noun: pull the strap, wash the bones;
- 8. verb with an adjoining adverb: get into trouble, turn inside out;
- 9. gerund with a noun: arms folded, sleeves rolled up;
- 10. constructions with pronouns: neither this nor that;
- 11. constructions with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions: neither be nor me, cheap and cheerful;
- 12. constructions with negation: neither in the tooth with a foot, nor in either eye;
WITH points vision equivalence that or other parts speeches phraseological units share on following groups:
- 1. verbal or verbal: fall into childhood, circle one’s finger;
- 2. substantive: bear snoring, hare soul;
- 3. adverbial: to the marrow of the bones, along and across;
- 4. adjectival: on one’s own mind, on the same face;
- 5. interjections: it would have been like this a long time ago! here's your time!
- 6. modal: no matter how it is! if you want to;
- 7. allied: despite the fact that, just as.
As reproducible linguistic units, phraseological units always represent a single semantic whole, however, the ratio of the meaning of the phraseological unit as a whole and the meanings of its components may be different. Even earlier, it was noted that in Russian linguistics, the classification of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic unity (dependence of the meaning of the entire phrase on the sum of the meanings of the words included in it) was developed by Academician V.V. Vinogradov, who identified three types of stable phrases:
- 1. phraseological adjuncts
- 2. phraseological unities
- 3. phraseological combinations
Phraseological fusion (idioms)- (phraseological units are also called idioms (from the Greek idios - own, characteristic)) this is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit in which the integral meaning is completely incompatible with the meanings of its components. The highest degree of semantic unity, which is characteristic of these phraseological units, is due, firstly, to the presence in the phraseological fusion of outdated and therefore incomprehensible words (beat the thumbs, sharpen the lasses); secondly, the presence of grammatical archaisms (carelessly, headlong); thirdly, the absence of a living syntactic connection between the components of the phraseological fusion (anywhere, there was, there was not).
Phraseological unity- a semantically indivisible and integral phraseological phrase, the meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of its constituent words. The indecomposability of the meaning of phraseological unity arises as a result of the merging of the meanings of its constituent words into a single generalized figurative meaning (the first pancake is lumpy, suck it out of your finger). The main property of phraseological unities is actually existing imagery. Phraseological units allow the insertion of other words (put (your) teeth on the shelf). Phraseological adhesions and unities act as equivalents of words and are often combined into one group called idioms.
Phraseological combination- this is a phraseological turn in which there are words with both a free meaning and a phraseologically related meaning. So, in the phraseological combination bosom friend, the word “friend” has a free meaning, and “bosom friend” has a phraseologically bound meaning. Further study of Russian phraseology, in addition to the three types of phraseological units outlined by Vinogradov (phraseological adhesions, unities and combinations), revealed the linguist N.I. Shansky, the presence of another group - phraseological expressions. Unlike a phraseological combination, there are no words with a phraseologically related meaning in a phraseological expression. Unlike a free combination of words, an expression is not formed by the speaker in the process of communication, but is reproduced in finished form (seriously and for a long time).
From the point of view of historical formation, all phraseological units can be divided into four groups:
- 1. original Russians
- 2. borrowed
- 3. phraseological tracing paper
- 4. phraseological half-calques
Borrowed phraseological units- these are stable combinations of words of foreign origin, used in Russian without translation.
By nature, borrowed phraseological units are divided into: borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language (for God's sake, a scapegoat) and borrowed from Western European languages without translation (post scriptum (P.S.) - postscript - after what is written). Stable combinations formed by word-by-word translation of a foreign language phrase into Russian are called phraseological tracing papers (blue stocking in English). Phraseological semi-calculation is when part of the components of a phraseological unit is translated, and part is borrowed without translation (the words battre en were translated as verbs to break through, and the word breach was borrowed). Phraseologisms from ancient literature and foreign classics (The Torment of Tantalum, Much Ado About Nothing by Shakespeare) are widely known in the Russian language.
The bulk of currently used phraseological units are made up of stable combinations of words of primordial Russian origin (looking for wind in a field, you won’t spill water). They originated in the Russian language or were inherited from an older language. Depending on the time of appearance, native Russian phraseological units are divided into three groups: common Slavic, East Slavic and Russian proper.
Common Slavic phraseological units were inherited by the Russian language from the Proto-Slavic language. Its collapse occurred in the 5th - 7th centuries. The overwhelming majority of such phraseological units are known in all Slavic languages even now:
- · Russian - to drive skid
- · Ukrainian - to lead
- · Bulgarian - leading by the nose
East Slavic phraseological units arose during the era of the existence of Old Russian (18th - 19th centuries) as evidence of the linguistic community of the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. These phraseological units are found in all East Slavic languages:
- · Russian - under the hot hand
- · Ukrainian - give a hot hand
- · Belarusian - under the garach hand
Actually, Russian phraseological units in the Russian language in the era of the separate existence of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages (mainly the 15th century). They are a specific feature of our speech and are not found, except in cases of their borrowing from the Russian language, in any of the East Slavic languages. It is these phraseological units that characterize the deeply unique and national character of the phraseological system of our language.
The specificity of Russian phraseological units is clearly visible when compared with phraseological units of other languages, correlated with them in meaning. For example:
- · in Russian - to make a mountain out of a molehill
- · in Polish - to make a pitchfork out of a needle
- · in a traditional way - to make a camel out of a mosquito
- · in English - to make a mountain out of a mole hill
This comparison testifies to the originality of the phraseology of each language, including Russian. Language reflects and at the same time forms the values, ideals and attitudes of people, the way they think about the world and their life in this world, therefore the corresponding linguistic units represent “invaluable keys” to understanding these aspects of culture. In Russian phraseology there are entire groups of words - symbols.
According to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, the hare is represented as an image of the devil. Meeting him was considered a bad omen; but in Russian phraseology it is not at all associated with evil spirits, but only represents cowardice: the soul of a hare, cowardly like a hare. The horse, which played an important role in peasant farming in Rus', is a great hard worker. It symbolizes this quality in phraseology: tired as a horse. Symbols - the names of animals are the same among many nations, but at the same time, each nation has its own system of symbols and its own attitude towards various animals. If in Russian phraseology stupidity and mental limitation are represented by a ram - it looks like a ram at a new gate, then among the Germans it is like a cow in front of a new gate, and among the Bulgarians it looks like a cat at a calendar.
The difference in symbols is explained by the peculiarities of life of each nation, its geographical conditions, and so on. The folk symbolism of color is also reflected in Russian phraseology. Most peoples have similar attitudes towards white and black. And this is not difficult to understand, since white is the color of the day, black is the color of the night. Hence the connection between white and good, and black with evil. Examples include the following phraseological units: white day, black envy, black list, keep in a black body. Although for the French, “white night” means a night without sleep. Since the 17th century, when cartographers began to leave “white spots” on maps, that is, unexplored, unexplored lands, the phraseological phrase “white spot” arose. Various colors are associated with phraseological units such as “give a green light” (provide free passage), see everything in a rosy light (imagine the surroundings better than they actually are).
A large number of phraseological units include words - symbols meaning parts of the body. They make up a third of all expressions presented in the phraseological dictionary of the Russian language by A.I. Molotkov. The phraseological unit “from head to toe” means a person with all his features, entirely and completely. The symbolic meaning of the word “head” in Russian phraseology represents the whole person. In some cases, the characteristics of a person are given directly - an empty head, a smart head; in others, metaphorically, an oak head. Another symbolic meaning of the word head is mind, reason. Phraseologisms lose your head, fly out of your “head”, fool your head, don’t go into your head, drive into your head realize this meaning. In phraseological units, fall on your head, fall from a sore head to a healthy one, etc. - the head symbolizes the object to which all misfortunes are directed. There are many phraseological units with the word hand. In the Russian language, the word hand is included in two hundred phraseological units. This is due to the fact that since ancient times the hand has been a tool of human labor, a means of communication between people. Our ancestors understood the concept of “having” primarily as something that is in their hands. This later manifested itself in expressions associated with the meaning of “to have”, to take into one’s hands, to hold in one’s hands, to take one’s hands, not to let go of one’s hands, etc. The act of exchange, purchase, and sale is not complete without the participation of hands. Thus, the phraseological unit from hand to hand is associated with the custom of transferring sold cattle from hand to hand. Back in the mid-19th century, one of the meanings of the word hand symbolized power. From here arose phraseological units that have survived to this day:
To be in someone's hands, in someone's hand, to give free rein to one's hands, to have long arms.
With the help of the word hand, a person is characterized in terms of hard work, skill, and moral qualities:
tirelessly, sits back, keeps oneself in control, etc.
A special group of phraseological units characterizes a person in a certain state, at certain moments in life: everything falls out of hand, hands drop, hands do not rise, being tied hand and foot, hands itching. Words naming sense organs (ear, eye, nose) are quite actively involved in phraseology.
Conclusion
It became clear that phraseological units are our friends, they enrich speech, make it accurate and vivid. The classics were right when they spoke about the expressiveness and imagery of the Russian language. Due to the fact that the object of phraseological units is a person’s relationship with other people and with the world around him, it is necessary to study phraseological units in the unity of linguistic, historical, and psychological aspects.
Phraseological units also perform an evaluation function. And, as you know, don’t feed a person bread - give someone or something to discuss and evaluate. So we tell all the parasites that they are slacking and working carelessly, and we encourage ourselves with proverbs like “If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest.” By the way, proverbs, sayings, phrases from books and films are also phraseological units. So the dictionary of phraseological units is not carved in granite, but is constantly replenished and enriched.
Phraseologisms are somewhat reminiscent of an entertaining word game. It is sometimes very difficult for a modern person to understand why they say this and not otherwise. Many words are now used only as part of phraseological units. And in general, many stable expressions capture the history of a particular country and language.
So way, phraseological units are needed in speech in order to
- · express your thoughts and emotions with the greatest accuracy;
- · decorate our speech and make it more figurative;
- · play with words and learn the history of the language and the whole people.
Literature
- 1. Molotkov A.I. Basics of phraseology of the Russian language. L.: Nauka, 1977. 248 p.
- 2. Amosova N.N. Basics of English phraseology. L., 1963.
- 3. Telia V.N. Russian phraseology: Semantic, pragmatic and linguocultural aspects. M.: Languages of Russian Culture, 1996. 288 p.
- 4. Telia V.N. Russian phraseology in the context of culture. M.: Languages of Russian Culture, 1999. 336 p.
- 5. Telia V.N. What is phraseology. M.: Nauka, 1996. 87 p.
- 6. Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. St. Petersburg: Special literature, 1996. 192 p.
- 7. Gvozdarev Yu.A. Stories about Russian phraseology. M.: Education, 1998. 192 p.
- 8. Arsentyeva E.F. Phraseology and phraseography in a comparative aspect (based on the material of the Russian and English languages). Kazan, 2006.
